Phylogenetic tree construction All available A(H5) HA nucleotide sequences and accompanying metadata were downloaded from the GISAID Data Science Initiative60 and the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC)61 databases on 5 May 2023. The HA sequences of three antigens present in-house (A/Vietnam/3218/2004, A/duck/Hong-Kong/1091/2011 and A/eurasian-wigeon/Netherlands/EMC-3/2014), which were not yet available through the above mentioned databases at the time, were …
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