Cervical cancer diagnoses are quite rare, with only about 13,000 women diagnosed every year, according to the American Cancer Society (317,000 are diagnosed with breast cancer every year, for comparison). One of the biggest reasons for this is that the illness doesn’t present any signs of cervical cancer until the later stages. “Cervical cancer is a slow onset cancer, so by the time someone is showing symptoms it’s usually more advanced,” explained Lauren Streicher, M.D., a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, and medical director of the Northwestern Medicine Center for Sexual Medicine and Menopause.
What’s more, when there are early symptoms, they are typically things that have other, more likely causes. “Non-specific symptoms can mean many other things, so just because you may exhibit these symptoms, it doesn’t automatically mean cervical cancer. Get them checked out, but chances are it’s nothing serious,” Dr. Streicher said.
About the experts: Lauren Streicher, M.D., a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, and medical director of the Northwestern Medicine Center for Sexual Medicine and Menopause; Kecia Gaither, M.D., an ob/gyn and director of perinatal services and maternal fetal medicine at NYC Health+ Hospitals/Lincoln in New York City; Christine Horner, M.D., a women’s health advocate and author of Radiant Health, Ageless Beauty.
In the meantime, make sure to have a yearly pap test on your calendar. “Since the cancer is slow to develop, yearly pap tests and visits to your gynecologist can help ensure you don’t have any abnormalities in the cervix,” Dr. Streicher said. But if you experience any of these signs of cervical cancer in between your annual appointments, especially if it’s more than one, it doesn’t hurt to get them checked out.
1. Unusual bleeding or spotting
According to Kecia Gaither, M.D., an ob/gyn and director of perinatal services and maternal fetal medicine at NYC Health+ Hospitals/Lincoln in New York City, unexplained bleeding can be a sign of cervical cancer. “Symptoms of cervical cancer are vague, and can mean many things, but bleeding in between periods, bleeding after intercourse, or after menopause can all be signs of cervical cancer,” she explained. Heavier-than-usual menstrual bleeding, bleeding after a pelvic exam, bleeding after douching, or longer-than-usual menstrual periods would also qualify.
2. Abnormal vaginal discharge
There are many reasons for vaginal discharge (and many forms that are completely normal), but Dr. Gaither explained that if it is watery and foul-smelling, that may be a sign of cervical cancer. According to the Cleveland Clinic, watery or bloody vaginal discharge that is heavy and foul-smelling can be a sign of Stage I cervical cancer, so a change in your discharge may be one of the first things you see.
3. Pain during sex
Tumor growth throughout the tissue of the cervix can cause pain during intercourse for women with cervical cancer, per the Mayo Clinic, but cancer isn’t the only thing that can cause pain during sex. “Pain or bleeding from sex can mean many non-serious things as well,” Dr. Streicher said. “It can mean inflammation of the cervix, a vaginal infection or cervical polyp—all of these are non-serious causes—which is why the general mantra is that if anything doesn’t seem right and is consistent, get it checked out.”
4. Abnormal pap test results
If you get abnormal pap test results, don’t freak out that it’s cervical cancer right away. Your doctor will review the results to see what types of abnormalities were found. Not all cell abnormalities found in the cervix are cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, abnormal pap test results could also include cells that don’t look normal because of irritation, infection, or changes in hormones, lesions caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, or cells that could become cancer in the future if not treated. Depending on the results, your doctor may order further testing, such as a colposcopy or biopsy.
5. Persistent back or pelvic pain
Lower back and pelvic pain can be linked to problems with the reproductive organs, which include the cervix. Dr. Gaither warned that “persistent back pain” is what to look out for. Per the Cleveland Clinic, back, pelvic and abdominal pain don’t typically arise until later stages, when the cancer may have spread. So if it’s constant and you also have one or more other symptoms, speak to your doctor immediately.
6. Very little appetite or unintentional weight loss
As with many cancers, loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss can be a cause for concern. In fact, a 2024 study published in JAMA found that unintentional weight loss was associated with a much higher risk of a cancer diagnosis in the coming year. So while this symptom on its own does not mean cervical cancer, if you experience a wide array of these warning signs, in addition to a loss of appetite or weight loss, talk to your doctor.
7. Extreme fatigue
Fatigue is a broad symptom that can come and go and shouldn’t be used as a marker for cervical cancer on its own. However, like unexplained weight loss, it commonly appears before and during cancer, per the American Cancer Society. Unlike standard feelings of tiredness, you may feel tired in a way that doesn’t improve with rest or sleep, sad or cranky, very weak, or like you can’t focus your thoughts. If you’re experiencing many of the other symptoms on this list along with extreme fatigue, it’s worth mentioning to your doctor.
8. Leg swelling or pain
Leg pain or swelling is a sign of cervical cancer, though it might not show up until later stages of the disease, said Christine Horner, M.D., a women’s health advocate and author of Radiant Health, Ageless Beauty. “Cervical cancer can spread to lymph nodes in the area between the hip bones. Cancer cells can also stop lymph fluid from draining away. This might lead to swelling in your legs due to fluid build-up. The swelling is called lymphedema.” According to the National Library of Medicine, lymphedema can also be caused by an inherited condition or an obstruction in the lymphatic system.
9. An HPV diagnosis
This is less of a symptom, and more of a risk factor for cervical cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, HPV infections cause almost all cervical cancers. HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, that are transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact, per the National Cancer Institute. Of the 200 viruses, two are responsible for most HPV-related cancers—but all can be prevented with vaccination.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the HPV vaccine for all children around ages 11 or 12 and all young adults through age 26 if they didn’t receive it earlier.
10. Having HIV
Another risk factor for cervical cancer is having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). According to research in The Lancet, women living with HIV have a six-fold higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Women who have HIV are more susceptible to cervical cancer because of their compromised immune system. “The immunodeficiency status makes you more prone to catching things,” explained Dr. Gaither. While there is currently no cure for HIV, per the CDC, treatment can control the virus and reduce your risk of developing associated illnesses.
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