Summary: A new study shows that bacterial cell wall molecules, specifically peptidoglycan, are present in the brain and fluctuate with sleep cycles. This finding supports a hypothesis that sleep is not solely brain-regulated but arises from the interplay between the body and its microbiome.
Researchers propose this “holobiont condition” model, where microbial and neurological systems together govern when and how we sleep. The work not only reframes sleep science but also connects microbes to cognition, behavior, and even the evolution of sleep itself.
Key Facts
- Peptidoglycan Link: Bacterial cell wall molecules were found in mouse brains, aligning with sleep cycles.
- Holobiont Hypothesis: Sleep may result from brain–microbe interactions, not just brain activity alone.
- New Paradigm: Findings suggest microbes shaped the evolution of sleep and influence cognition and behavior today.
Source: Washington State University
What causes us to sleep? The answer may lie not only in our brains, but in their complex interplay with the micro-organisms spawned in our intestines.
New research from Washington State University suggests a new paradigm in understanding sleep, demonstrating that a substance in the mesh-like walls of bacteria, known as peptidoglycan, is naturally present in the brains of mice and closely aligned with the sleep cycle.
Those findings serve to update a broader hypothesis that has been in development at WSU for years—proposing that sleep arises from communication between the body’s sleep regulatory systems and the multitude of microbes living inside us.
“This added a new dimension to what we already know,” said Erika English, a PhD candidate at WSU and lead author on two recently published scientific papers introducing the findings.
This view of sleep as arising from that “holobiont condition” joins a growing body of evidence suggesting that our gut microbiomes play an important role in cognition, appetite, sex drive and other activity—a view that turns traditional brain-centric models of cognition upside-down and has implications for our understanding of evolution and free will, as well as the development of future treatments for sleep disorders.
The recent findings regarding peptidoglycan, or PG, lend weight to that hypothesis and point to a possible regulatory role for bacterial cell wall products in sleep. PG is known to promote sleep when injected in animals, but until recently, the conventional view held that it did not naturally migrate to the brain.
English found that PG, along with its receptor molecules involved in PG signaling and communication, was present in different locations within the brain, at levels that changed with the time of day and sleep deprivation.
The findings were reported in July in Frontiers in Neuroscience; longtime WSU sleep researcher and Regents Professor James Krueger co-authored the paper.
English is also lead author of a recent paper with Krueger in the journal Sleep Medicine Reviews that proposes the “holobiont condition” hypothesis of sleep.
That paper combines two prevailing views. One posits that sleep is regulated by the brain and neurological systems. Another focuses on “local sleep,” which frames slumber as the result of an accumulation of sleep-like states among small cellular networks throughout the body. Such sleep-like states have been observed among cells in vitro, known as the “sleep in a dish” model.
As these smaller pockets of sleep accumulate, like lights going off in a house, the body tips from wakefulness toward sleep.
The new hypothesis merges those theories, proposing that sleep results from the interplay between the body and its resident micro-organisms—two autonomous systems that interact and overlap.
“It’s not one or the other, it’s both. They have to work together,” English said. “Sleep really is a process. It happens at many different speeds for different levels of cellular and tissue organization and it comes about because of extensive coordination.”
Links between the microbiome and behavior are emerging on several fronts, indicating that micro-organisms formed in the gut play an important role in cognition and fundamental human behaviors.
This work upends the traditional view of human neurology, suggesting that it is not completely top-down—i.e., the result of decision-making in the brain—but bottom-up—i.e., driven by the tiny organisms whose evolution shaped animals to serve as their hosts and whose needs influence the activities and cognition of their hosts.
“We have a whole community of microbes living within us. Those microbes have a much longer evolutionary history than any mammal, bird or insect – much longer, billions of years longer,” said Krueger, who was named a “Living Legend in Sleep Research” by the Sleep Research Society in 2023.
“We think sleep evolution began eons ago with the activity/inactivity cycle of bacteria, and the molecules that were driving that are related to the ones driving cognition today.”
English’s work expands upon known links between bacteria and sleep, including the fact that sleep patterns affect the function of the gut microbiome and that bacterial infections cause people to sleep more.
The new findings begin to delve into questions that English looks forward to exploring further.
“Now that the world has come to appreciate how important microbes are, not just for disease but also for health, it’s a very exciting time to start to expand on our understanding of how we are communicating with our microbes and how our microbes are communicating with us,” she said.
About this sleep and neuroscience research news
Author: Shawn Vestal
Source: Washington State University
Contact: Shawn Vestal – Washington State University
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Bacterial peptidoglycan levels have brain area, time of day, and sleep loss-induced fluctuations” by Erika English et al. Frontiers in Neuroscience
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan levels have brain area, time of day, and sleep loss-induced fluctuations
Sleep-inducing bacterial cell wall components isolated from brain and urine of sleep deprived animals were identified as peptidoglycan (PG) and muropeptides in the 1980s. Following host detection of PG/muropeptides, downstream signaling mechanisms include release of effector molecules, e.g., cytokines involved in sleep regulation.
Understanding of physiological brain PG changes has remained limited, in part due to the historic difficulties of PG quantitation.
Herein, we report murine brain PG levels in multiple brain areas within the context of animals’ rest-wake cycles and after sleep loss. Significant time-of-day changes in brain PG levels occurred in all brain areas; lowest levels occurred during the transition from rest to wake periods, at zeitgeber time 12 (ZT12).
Highest levels of PG were in brainstem while olfactory bulb, hypothalamic, and cortical PG levels were lower. After 3 h of sleep disruption, PG levels increased in the somatosensory cortex, but decreased in brainstem, and hypothalamus.
After 6 h of sleep disruption, PG increased in the brainstem and olfactory bulb compared to control levels. Further, RNA-seq analyses of somatosensory cortical tissue was used to assess sleep loss-dependent changes in genes previously linked to PG.
Multiple PG-related genes had altered expression with sleep loss including PG binding and signaling molecules, e.g., Pglyrp1 and Nfil3.
In summary, brain PG levels were dependent on time of day, brain area, and sleep history. Further, sleep loss altered brain gene expression for PG-linked genes.
Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that microbe-host symbiotic interactions are involved in murine sleep regulatory mechanisms.
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