For decades, the idea of sending humans to Mars has captured scientific and public imagination alike. Yet despite advances in spacecraft, robotics, and deep-space exploration, NASA repeatedly emphasises that the risks of a crewed Mars mission are unlike anything attempted before. Recent efforts such as the CHAPEA simulation, a year-long Mars mission analog starting in October 2025, designed to study human health, performance, resource limits, and isolation on Earth at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, highlighted how serious these challenges are. Beyond the technical hurdles, astronauts would face profound biological, psychological, and environmental threats that must be solved before a safe mission can take place.
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